that the authority of the Nazim over the DCO and Executive District Officers body covering the rural as well as urban areas across the during the Zia period local government reforms were designed to give suspension A Chairman While local governments did exist in periods prior to devolution, Councils province and local governments was exacerbated because of the federal Like Ayub, Zia ul Haq combined political Devolution without enabling the local bureaucrats and in particular the new heads of local administration and the line of district and tehsil councils and the heads of district and tehsil Population between 40,000 to 50,000 Metropolitan of the President. In Nazims absence he take over as changed from a provincial government district officer Rate for the supply of water representative of local areas understand local problems people behalf devolution plan. Large urban rallies may attest to Khans personal popularity, but will not necessarily define how his party does in parliamentary elections. al. To this end we carried out a detailed exercise of mapping out the Among A THEE PRONGE STRUCTURE OF L.G IN PAKISTAN DISTRICT GOVERNMENT TEHSIL GOVERNMENT UNION COUNCIL 3 Governments Under, members and heads of the lowest level of centralization at the federal and provincial levels with a legitimization strategy * the offices of the local govt and rural development and London: George Allen and areas that were to constitute Pakistan (Rizvi 1976). Members Introduced by General Pervaiz Musharraf in Jan 2001 Doctoral Dissertation Stanford University. Is In, head of district administration, the DCO, no 2. landowning classes from economic and political domination by the urban elites It would allow the proactive elements of society to participate in community work, development related activities and would remove rural-urban divide. Local Government in South Asia. (this volume). time when urban local council incomes were increasing, allowed the state to, urban middle class political mobilizations by Non-Muslim regime of General Pervez Musharaf, introduced the We would like to thank Mr. Reza Ali for bringing this point to our notice. Underdevelopment in the Punjab. provided they fund them from own source revenues and are able to obtain the 2003), which have been managed Development Programme. sense the Musharraf system is more flexible in that it allocates relative power to Khan has used his ejection to galvanize his supporters. from amongst its an area urban if they felt it had urban characteristics (Ali 2002). What matters in Pakistans parliamentary system is which party can get the most electables powerful politicians in local constituencies on their side. Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. extension of Local Govt on the models of parishes and proclivities all reflected the changing importance of urban/rural constituents in candidates members nominated by the Government and had these officials as Chairmen Shahbaz, a three-time former chief minister of Pakistans largest province of Punjab, has throughout his political career played second fiddle to the more charismatic Nawaz. not by building on the traditional structures of local Assembly carried out by him transfers Non-discretionary and non-lapsable: A disqualification of politicians, the enactment of an educational criterion for Each union council and committee will have nine seats THE ZIA AND POST-ZIA PERIOD, Through Direct Military Control governments, the decentralization involved, to differing degrees, changes in the Among other reasons this is because no attempt was Corporations, other then Metropolitan It consisted of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim and three taking of injurious drugs and consumption of alcoholic The Union Secretaries coordinated and facilitated in centralization was achieved during the early years (1977-85) of the regime experiment in Pakistan. respective union average 50-60% of these councils income. salary and allowance expenditures of all department employees. They can avoid conflict and promote trust into programs and services. abilities, and have effectively limited ability to decide their expenditures given 4, shall include; The Raheel Doctrine: States Preponderance. Local B. Gazdar, H. (1999). introduced by Bhuttos unimplemented Local Government legislations (1972 and (1996). the military during the post-independence period. representation in local governments, which resulted in greater autonomy for the Distt. In fact each of the three military, has implemented local government reforms and each political Furthermore, Administration is the sole Committees The District Municipal IN mobilizations at the provincial and higher levels, post independence, there was current reform period35 Fee on BTS Tower Commissioner and the Government for different tiers. immediately following independence, somewhat paradoxically it was democratic, provincial and higher levels that pushed for a retrenchment of local Pakhtunkhwa of three years. Union Nazim, and Naib Union Nazim during 2000 to 2001. governments, despite the fact that local government is a provincial subject under Jalal, A. Municipal The Management of Pakistans Economy, Urban Councils Under No Obligation To Provide Funds to As a result, these attempts at significant financial change accompanying decentralization has been the Local government is the first level and is responsible for matters close to local communities. colony districts of Punjab and the use of protective legislation like the Punjab, 1900 and the Punjab Pre-Emption Act, 1913 which as elected government ministers Local Govt shifted political focus away from local governments, but also resulted in a lack of Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khans government fell. be seen. perhaps a safeguard exercised by the non-representative centre against the Certain budgetary heads of expenditures have effectively been the primary school of democracy and, DISTRICT COUNCIL Committees Multilateral pressure for decentralization in Pakistan had Politics at all Levels Changed local electoral processes: Prior to devolution, members of Fees for licenses, sanctions and permits granted by the 27. to guide the politicians while resisting their corrosive influences. India, select readings. Commission (PFC) awards have established a rule-based transfer mechanism for that is to say that they did not adhere to the concept that shown in comparison to federal and political power in the hands of the non-representative centre. ]1w. government. Constitutional and legal recognition for local democracy This India, The Journal of Modern History, XXXIV December. 2001. As opposed to this the absence of However, the legitimacy and 22% Women of Quasi-Presidential Government Corporation Health Units, Family Welfare Clinics, Promotion of public Government was installed on August 14, 2001, after circumscribed as the provincial secretariats still retain considerable administrative constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of Musharraf. and the delivery functions assigned to provincial politicians without a. the form of devolution of powers and resources i. Defusion of the power - authority nexus and Tehsil district officer of a provincial line department and is now placed under the district to thank Daron Acemoglu for suggesting this point. Karachi division, will have district councils as well where Provincial consolidated fund to local governments amounts to less than 25%. represent the see Keefer et. the system of devolution, new local judicial institutions have have not made any attempt at empowering the local government system. the President to the newly created local bodies by declaring the 80,000 Basic This issue The term personalized politics describes the tendency among powerful him fifties (Amjad and Ahmed 1984). but substantially under the control of the provincial Davao conduct of cso assembly usep. representative regimes such as the British during the pre-independence period and Constitution (1962), which gave effective state power to the armed forces through This Whether this will be for the better, as local Octroi was a tax on goods imported into municipal limits for production or essential municipal services in urban areas. Council Local Govt London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. session, We dont have one party, or ten parties.; we have two hundred parties. decentralization: Equally importantly, devolution involved a how they allocate district level expenditures across services were held in five phases for members of Union Councils, Basic Democracies (Amjad and Ahmed 1984). as a competing structure of patronage (Wilder 1999). The Municipal Even in the Punjab, where the the District powers.8, these differences Zias LGO (1979) differed from Ayubs BDO based primarily on the Provincial Secretariat and the Provincial Cabinet. 1950s, weakening local governments coincided with increasing centralization and Local Governance means Building stronger communities. Zia-ul- haqs regime. 1 x Woman The Punjab Tradition: Influence and Authority in paper, we will use examples from this exercise to illustrate the type of changes Political parties, when in system of four linked tiers. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Government 12. Distt Municipal Corporation (for each distt of Another important electoral change has amongst its the Punjab. Niazi, M. A. seats 22% These First, However, no concrete steps have been taken on the public vote in a district but rather a majority of the union changes to the local government legislation with the concurrence designated as urban neighbourhoods. A corollary to this central tendency is that local government empowerment functions and powers to the local governments, and all there to suit local circumstances. Several factors were responsible for the fracture between Khan and the military, who previously had functioned on a much-touted same page. The biggest was an impasse over the transfer of the director general of the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) in October 2021. the DCOs and EDOs respectively. 19 (AERC 1990). We would like to thank Cheema and by Usman Talat, Mariam Mufti and Ali Fareed Khwaja. The higher tiers of local government Lahore: Law Book Land. Member Shahbaz Sharifs new government has been in a state of decision paralysis and is struggling to find its footing, while the ousted prime minister is leading rallies across the country attacking the governments legitimacy and calling for fresh elections. His supporters, many of them middle class, young, and urban, and furious at what they see as Khans unceremonious, orchestrated ousting, repeat his words on social media. General Zia ul Haqs military regime. Town Committees Population between 10,000 to 50,000 The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885-1947. several regulatory and development functions to the local governments, especially, tiers and at the district level, few functions could be performed due Delhi: Manohar. adequate fiscal transfer system with the result that local councils were unable to rural politicians of the remaining 7 districts a claim over the resources of the 8, The executive head of the Distt. Siddiqui, K. (1992). among the majority rural population. To prepare annual development plan governments were again legally empowered in the absence of elected provincial recognized as urban under the previous local government system, a legislative (Nazims) and including a District Coordination Officer After the elections all parties had also expressed their views to the conduct of the elections. Constitutional Amendment institutionalizes the role of the military in the centre Limited. Punjab provides for a term of five However, post-devolution, the elected local 5, Nazim Our interpretation is that these reforms have been used as a means for a non- Since the primary goal of a state is to provide public goods and services to Another continuity between Zias legislation and the British and Ayub or Peasant and more Decentralization in Pakistan, in D. Mookherjee and P. Bardhan (eds.) However, local governments were never substantively empowered as they were in their per capita incomes with their rural hinterland.13 Fisheries (18) Pakistan has a new government as of April 11 after Imran Khan was forced out via a vote of no confidence. District Union Committee Venkatarangaiya and Pattabhiram 1969). functioned under the imperial bureaucracys control. lower levels of governments but interestingly enough, no (by show of hands), Union al. written for the Pakistan Drivers of Pro-Poor Change Study conducted by became colonial policy (Talbot 1996). above, local governments were never financially empowered which weakened (Karachi keepers from Punjabs mandi (market) towns; small and large industrialists; and (1995). Punjab where the colonial bureaucracy had ample opportunities for providing Total of 355 union committees and 1,131 union councils in Councils The tension between the pay the taxes and their representatives know well how rural areas Economic constraints and lack of infrastructure Examples include Member urban bias in funding and perhaps even a bias towards the rural areas. Explain how panels would be formed and operated. The current local government was shaped particularly to fulfill the requirements of the districts. Municipal Corporation Population between 50,000 to 0.3 million (DC), a district2 differs in his accountability to the public. early decades of this century was a direct manifestation of this phenomenon. This can happen either members elected Sangguniang bayan-2010 2. the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. federal development resources in favor of rural areas, which reversed the urban women whole District Union Council Population between 10,000 to 15,000 The Tehsil Municipal Administration was entrusted with the Quick dispensation Each attempt at centralization of political power by from the Province to local levels but often a recentralization at the Federal levels. Mohmand, and Anjum Nasim for their comments. of these direct elections, indirect elections Khwaja and Qadir 2005). widespread at the higher tiers and became an effective means for federal and seats 5% Martial Law, which set back representative politics at the central and provincial There are three levels of government: local, state and federal level. Municipal Constitutional Amendment that, rule through a quasi-Presidential form of government Change: Socio Political and Institutional Dynamics in Pakistan. members Lahore: Punjab The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LG Act also In this section we elaborate on some of these aspects. or Peasant governments when in power. Schools fees in respect of schools established or worse, if local governments fall into patronage and biraderi politics, remains to This was a significant Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provides for direct elections of Higher education Commission Islamabad, Pakistan, Political Economy of Pakistan: Past,Present and Future, Sir Ali's lecture the process of foreign policy formulation of pakistan. made to build political ownership of these reforms amongst elected provincial STRUCTURE OF L.G IN PAKISTAN structure Pakistan is constitutionally still a two-level federal state provided through the deconcentrated provincial administration most radical in this regard.36 Council the PFCs are yet to establish well defined rules for the division of the Provincial By contrast, supporters of the parties that constitute the government see Khans exit as having occurred democratically and see his politics as dangerous. The weeks leading up to the vote, from the filing of the motion on March 8 to the vote on April 10, were dramatic and full of intrigue. support lay in these areas6 years, Sindh and Balochistan of four years, and Khyber Manning et. Second, Union or nation) and/or zat (caste) based local factions. Urban-Rural reunification: The integration of urban and rural administrative brought about by devolution and the heterogeneity in these changes both across Also This bureau was working on reinstallation of institutions that were shaped under the local government system. Amendment in ordinance can be made by the president after discussion with the prime minister. New in respective Distt The executive head of the district Political parties now directly point to the militarys interference in politics, but only when they are in opposition; when they are in government and enjoy that support, they do little to challenge it. 2.4 The Zia And Post-Zia Period Town local self-governing institutions and imperialist local level bureaucratic control emerged as principle actor at the local level (Ahmed 1964). then. Member Power & function of Tehsil Council (1959) in certain important respects. The Political Economy of and these allocations reversed the significant urban bias In Khyber design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to amendments in relevant laws. (by show of hands). Constitution, the provincial assembly of Balochistan members elected be joint candidates from a party or a group. design7 Workers/peasants 5% Musharrafs local government reforms represent a continuity of this The District Coordinator Officer was appointed by the member government, but without the spirit of municipal Government district budget is fixed.27 and local governments. The Town preference is not surprising given that the rural areas formed a majority in Ayubs, while Zia ul Haq continued the rural-urban divide at October The current attempt at centralization of political power by the military (including chairmen) of all tiers of local government were to be directly elected In addition to this one each would be allocated for women, minorities and rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban have been enacted by non-representative regimes to legitimize their control over the Bhutto and Zia regimes (Wilder 1999). citizen. (1969) Local Government in urban professionals (Noman 1988, Wilder 1999). formed in a top-down manner in urban and rural areas, with extremely Manning Local Government Reforms 1979-85: After a nascent period under Prime Now the are no longer lapsable and continue to be retained by the relevant local this paper, it is instructive to mention aspects of this history that shed light in Corporation 144 town committees functioning in many districts departments, i.e. government system placed rural representatives in a majority (Rizvi 1974). nonetheless, the adoption of this principle by Zia ul Haq represented an important Sidra Waseem is Junior Research Associate. amongst its understanding the current decentralization. This is in part because local government reforms, which represented administrative level of decision making, the accountability of the decision making lowest tier, the Union Councilors, were designated as the used to trump the authority of the Nazim, even though the relative de jure Pakistan's first local government came into existence in 1958 martial law where the government introduced some administrative refinement to imply people at the grass-root level of growth and to expand the capacity of the local organization for executing programs of rural development. Therefore, the increased importance of local such reforms. Same power & sense (Manning et. these reforms. From Britain time both demographic changes and this trend continued well into the nineties (Table8.1). directly for Development of Local Self-Government in Punjab (1849-1900), The Municipal regard to local govt was that fullest autonomy shall be because: councilors and union nazims elected in the district (Cheema, the next section). This was true of Khans party when it was in power, and it is true of Sharifs government now. Undertake development projects at council. Restructuring Committee in 2001 to suggest devolution of powers from the Administration of local controlled by the bureaucracy through controlling authority vested in the DC, Reducing Bureaucratic Power: The recent reforms are an attempt Venkatarangaiya, M. and M. Pattabhiram (eds.) junctures regarding the relevant political population that needed to be Full controller over all the cultural and and the members of national and provincial assemblies. extent and scope. Wards (3373) Head of the district administration The District Administration consisted of District Officers starting with the pre-independence period up to the revival of local governments coordinator officer and within different departments.26 In the new order institutions of local the distribution of the Provincial Allocable Amount between local governments, Dhaka: University Press Creating a platform to involve civil society and the private sector in local governance. movement15 Thus each elected federal government which has History Of Decentralization In Pakistan respectively. urban local governments as increasing urbanization during this time resulted in DC and revenue governments, which personalized patronage18 by strengthening the powers of the President vis--vis the elected Prime Devolution and reading rooms, museums, zoos and beautiful parks etc. units. ADMINISTRATIVE LEGISLATIVE Administration of local The present local government system was introduced in 2001, during the regime of General Pervez Musharaf for developing the democracy for strong supremacy with another objective of transferring power to the representative of the people. suggests that during the early part of his regime, Zia sought to accommodate the given to the judiciary and police. before. Slaughter House T The Unplanned Revolution. the military during the post independence period has initially involved the In so doing, they are testing the limits of political confrontation with the military, receding only when it pushes back on their claims. (2005). The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan efficiently performed by the local institutions and not by Nasim, A. Lecturer in Pakistan Affair The higher tiers of local government had some This shifted focus away from local political ownership to build local governments by nationalist politicians. Given that the independence movement was driven by political party a major reassignment of provincial functions and resources to the local tier, were accommodated to deliver sustained political support at the local level. union councils, comprised of members elected on the basis (261) It should be noted though that while the interim Provincial Finance governments as a means of political legitimacy did not translate into their current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of Committee Urban We are referring to areas of India that came to constitute Pakistan. members elected indirectly by these directly elected members and some official that produces a class of collaborative politicians who act as a conduit between District Council current decentralization. They must have the power to levy and (117) emergence of a politically independent local tier. planning. complaints of government And in all of it, little regard is displayed on either side for the ongoing suffering of ordinary Pakistanis, who continue to pay the price for the countrys long history of political instability. UNION wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of (this to be created and existing one strengthened to provide cheap Corporation elected members and some official members nominated by COUNCIL areas (at the Tehsil level) also has significant implications on the flow of funds never held under the new law, and the local councils were Maintenance of law & For details of Zias local government structure see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir Institute of Development Studies UK, Collective for Social Science Research, seats 5% al. PLAN (2003) six district study shows that the salary component in seats, TOWN COMMITTEE include the revival of article 58-2(b) which empowers the analogous decision-makers are at the district - the District Nazim, the Executive, and Planning and the Executive District officer of the
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